The authors focus on the ultra-low permeability reservoirs of Chang 4+5 reservoir period of Yanchang Group, Jing’an oil field, Ordos Basin. Cores, thin sections, wireline logs, and imaging logs were used to understand depositional systems, reservoirs and to furtherly characterize vertical and horizontal distribution patterns of sandstones. The results show that main reservoirs of Chang 4+5 of Yanchang Group are composed of medium-tofine grained arkose. Parallel beddings and cross beddings are common. Interpartical pores and a few fractures are main reservoir spaces and reservoir quality is poor. Sand bodies are uniformly distributed in the horizontal direction with brand shape and thickness between 2 to 5 meters. Front delta is the main sedimentary subfacies. Distributary main channel, distributary shallow channel, distributary shoal, and inner distributary bay are four main sedimentary microfacies. In the vertical direction, distributary main channels and distributary shallow channels are distributed reciprocally related to the variation of hydrodynamic power. The research result is a guidance on the hydrocarbon exploration in this region.

Considering the climate, soil and landform characteristics of tropical area, agricultural development direction and other conditions, the authors explore the land consolidation mode of tropical platform area in Hainan Province based on the analysis of cultivated land consolidation potential. There are four types of land consolidation, the modern agriculture pattern in eastern area, the agricultural tourism integration pattern in southern area, the ecological regulation pattern in western area and the high yield and high efficiency renovation pattern in northern area. Then, the characteristics, potential, the focus of land consolidation direction and key technology of each pattern are analyzed. Combined with the construction of Hainan international tourism island, this paper explores the ecological design modes and scheme of land consolidation project in tropical platform area based on the existing design in land consolidation project, including the design modes of plots, road, irrigation canals and ditches, to meet the climate and landform characteristics of tropical area. The research can provide a scientific basis for the planning and design modes of land consolidation in tropical platform area.

This study takes the three industries and the internal structure of tertiary industry in ecological conservation development area of Beijing from 2005 to 2012 as the research object, using shift-share analysis method, comprehensively analyses of the development of industry share deviates from the components, structure deviation and competitiveness deviation component, provides some reference for choosing the leading industry in ecological conservation development area and the adjustment of industrial structure. The results shows that the first industry in ecological conservation development area has a certain but small amount competitiveness, cannot effectively promote economic development of the whole area; the second industry growth in ecological conservation development area is slower than the average level in Beijing, and does not have the competitive advantage; the total deviation vector of the third industry presents the obvious rise, and accelerates the development trend, which is the main force of the regional economic development in the future. In potential leading industry selection for districts and counties, Mentougou District takes the culture, sports and entertainment industry, and finance industry as leading industries, Huairou District takes the information transmission, computer services and software industry as the leading industry, Pinggu District takes the culture, sports and entertainment industry as leading industry, in the present stage of the third industry in Miyun County has not meet the requirements of the industry, and the estate industry is the leading industry for Yanqing County. Comprehensive tourism is suitable for the dominant industry of ecological conservation development area, and is also in line with the industry development present situation and future development direction. That can effectively promote regional economic development.

The authors use CHINAGEM, a computable general equilibrium model to investigate the economic effect and pollution reduction impacts of improved auto fuel economy standard in China. The policy change is modelled as shocks to production tax rate of two industries — petrol refine and motor vehicle parts. The results show that the shocks lead to higher labor cost, slightly decreased GDP and improved terms of trade. The majority of industries, such as motor vehicle manufacturing, will undergo downsizing because of new standards and substitution of imported motor vehicles for domestic ones. However, with improved emission standard and slowdown of vehicle production growth, air pollution problem will be alleviated. Based on the model prediction, the annual emission reductions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and total particulate matter amount to 39.52, 37.51, 11.63 and 1.66 million tons respectively, which are 32, 36, 63, and 87 percentage reduction from the respective business-as-usual levels.

Cased in 13 districts of Beijing, the paper gives a systematic analysis on the space-time differentiation of rural territorial multifunction about five functions such as economic development, agricultural production, social security, ecological services and tourism and leisure, and discusses the function orientation in the future. The results show that the distribution of rural regional function is obviously different. The economic development and social security function mainly locate in suburban plains, agricultural production function nearly locates in outer suburb, and ecological service function and leisure tourism function focus on the exurban mountain. Influenced by economic development, geographical location, terrain conditions, related policy and so on, the differences of the spatial interval development of function degree obviously exist among the three regions of suburban plains, outer suburbs plain and exurban mountains. In the future, combined with current development and differentiation of various district, government should give a proper arrangement to develop the rural territorial multifunction of the 13 districts comprehensively and coordinately.

Based on field work, four Quaternary terraces are found according to overlapped loess sequences at Pantang-Heiyukou area and its surroundings in northern Chinese Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge. These four terraces, which are 12, 50, 80 and 130 m above present the Yellow River level respectively, are all rock-seated terraces. The thicknesses of overlapped loess from the lowest terrace to the highest Quaternary terrace are about 20, 33, 37 and 43 m respectively. ESR dating samples were collected from river sediments on T2, T3 and T4. ESR dating result reveals that the formation ages of these three terraces are 0.609, 0.876 and 0.97±0.107 Ma in turn from T2 to T4. In order to corroborate the dating results, powder samples and oriented samples were collected from sections on T3 and T4. Paleomagnetic result shows that section bottom on T3 does not reach the boundary of B/M (Brunhes/Matuyama), which means a formation age younger than 0.78 Ma. This age is younger than that gotten from ESR dating. The bottom age of T4 section reaches an age of 1.07 Ma, which is a bit older than ESR dating result but within its range. The formation ages of the terraces are in accord with other terraces in upper and lower reach of the Yellow River such as Lanzhou and Sanmenxia which suggests river terraces controlled by tectonic movement exist universally in the domain of the Yellow River. A Late Tertiary section was resampled and measured as an improvement to former works. The result is used to discuss the incision rate of different terraces in this region.

Based on logarithmic mean weigh division index method (LMDI), empirical mode decomposition method (EMD) and variance decomposition model (VDM), the evolutive trend and fluctuation characteristics of corn production in China during 1978–2012 was analyzed. The contribution difference to corn output fluctuation during eight grain production regions was revealed. The following results were obtained. Corn output increased by 1.50×10⁸ ton from 1978 to 2012, and the corn production advantage in Huang-Huai-Hai region and Northeast Region in China was further highlighted. It was estimated that the accumulated contribution values of corn sowing area and corn yield per hectare at national scale were 0.79×10⁸ ton and 0.71×10⁸ ton respectively, and corn sowing area was the major contributor to the increment of corn output. The residual trend of corn output showed a trend of gradual increase and the grain output has 3-year periodic oscillation. During the eight grain production regions in China, Huang-Huai-Hai Region played the prominent role in the total fluctuation, following by the Northeast Region and Loess Plateau Region. The self-fluctuations in the three regions and their positively mutual affect were the main factors of China’s corn output fluctuation, including Huang-Huai-Hai Region, Northeast Region and Loess Plateau Region in China. For the high contribution ratio and drastic change, more attention should be paid to Huang-Huai-Hai Region and Northeast Region in China.

By analyzing the fundamental spatiotemporal characteristics of spatiotemporal objects, six query primitives, which are temporal range, spatial range, spatiotemporal range, temporal relation, spatial relation and attribute state, are proposed based on object-oriented snapshot model. Centered on time, atomic queries are defined, and approaches to constructing complex queries from these atomic queries are proposed. On the purpose of rendering the proposed query model more systematic and adaptable, application semantics are not considered in defining query primitives and atomic queries. In addition, owing to its clear expressiveness in GIS, the model possesses considerable implementability and can serve as the foundation and basis of implementations of spatiotemporal query interfaces in temporal GIS.

In order to protect the regional ecological environment of water source region of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) and maintain the water quality security of Danjiangkou Reservoir, based on remote sensing and geographic information system, this study used Landsat TM and HJ-1A/B as data source to analyze the dynamic tendency of soil erosion in 2000 and 2011 in the water supplying area. The findings are as follows: in the past 12 years, gross area of soil erosion has decreased 234.72×10⁴hm² (42.15%), 46 in all 47 counties shows a trend of decrease, from 13.23% to 75.92% concretely; soil erosion intensity is mainly light, moderate, strong, the areas of light, moderate, strong, ultra strong, intense have dropped 24.81%, 50.34%, 47.41%, 48.24%, and 49.15%, respectively. The finding demonstrates that soil erosion problem in this area has been improved considerably, and remarkable achievements have been made in ecological construction and environmental protection.

Based on the statistical data of 126 counties in Henan, using mathematical statistics method and spatial autocorrelation analysis, spatial changes and variation character of grain yield per hectare at county level in Henan Province during 1980?2012 are discussed by SPSS, ArcGIS and GeoDa software, and the increase potential of grain yield per hectare and total yield at regional scale are calculated. The results show that:1) During 1980?2012, grain yield per hectare and its absolute difference at county level take on increasing trend by and large, while the relative difference increases first and then decreases. The distributional pattern of grain yield per hectare changes from positive skewness to negative skewness, and the agglomeration degree of grain yield per hectare increases first and then decreases. 2) Grain yield per hectare at county level in Henan has a strong spatial autocorrelation with evident pattern “high in the eastern while low in the western”. The increment of grain yield per hectare descends from East to West at county level, and counties with higher increment of grain yield per hectare gather in the eastern plain area of Henan. 3) The changes of grain yield per hectare at county level show a positive spatial autocorrelation and the characteristic of spatial clustering of regional high value and low value is significant. The counties with “High-High” and “Low-Low” correlation are the majority. The counties with significant “High-High” correlation are mostly located in the eastern of Huang-Huai plain area and northwestern of the Hebei-Shandong-Henan low-lying plain area, while the counties with significant “Low-Low” correlation are mainly distributed in western Henan mountainous-hilly area and western of Huang-Huai plain area. 4) Henan Province is divided into 5 first-grade regions and 11 second-grade regions according to the coupled conditions of farming system regionalization and LISA cluster map. The potential output per hectare of the 5 first-grade regions could be sorted in descending order as hilly-mountainous region of Hubei-Henan-Anhui, piedmont region of Taihang mountain and Yanshan mountain, western Henan mountainous-hilly region, Huang-Huai plain region, and Hebei-Shandong-Henan low-lying plain region. The total potential output of Henan Province is 1.27×10⁷ tons, and the 5 regions could be sorted as Huang-Huai plain area, hilly-mountainous region of Hubei-Henan-Anhui, piedmont region of Taihang mountain and Yanshan mountain, western Henan mountainous-hilly region, and Hebei-Shandong-Henan low-lying plain region.

The LMDI technique and decomposition method are used to study the contribution of factors to grain production change based on grain production calculating model in Henan from 1980 to 2010. The growth of grain production is decomposed into four effects, including cultivated land area, multiple-cropping index, grain farming index and grain yield per hectare, and then accumulated effect of each factor is explored. Firstly, grain production increases by 54.371 million ton from 1980 to 2010. It is estimated that the accumulated contribution values of cultivated land area, multiple-cropping index, grain farming index and grain yield per hectare at province level are -1.754 million, 11.657 million, -5.734 million and 28.716 million ton, respectively. Grain yield per hectare is the dominant contributor to total grain increment, and multiple-cropping index is second. Secondly, at prefecture-city level, the effect of grain yield per hectare and multiple-cropping index is positive, while the other two factors in most of prefecture cities are negative. Thirdly, the pattern “high in the eastern while low in the western” of grain production at county level in Henan is very evident, and there are obvious differences among accumulated effects of the four factors. Overall, multiple-cropping index and grain yield per hectare result in remarkable grain increment in eastern Henan. Aiming at steady and continuous increase in grain production, some work such as cultivated land protection mechanism to increase grain sowing area, investment policy of agricultural infrastructure and optimization of agricultural inputs to improve grain yield per hectare should be enhanced.

By analyzing the floating taxi trajectory data, the existence of distance constraint in taxi passenger flow is found. Flow evolution model considering distance constraint is proposed and networks for different constraint parameters are simulated and compared. The results indicate that the distance constraint contributes to a “cut-off” of degree distribution, weight strength distribution, distance strength distribution, and a shorter distance constraint leads a more pronounced “cut-off”. With the decrease of constrained distance, the decaying rate of edge weight distribution slows down. Both degree-weight strength correlation and degree-distance strength correlation are power-law relations, and the exponents increase with the decrease of constrained distance. As the constrained distance decrease, the assortative mixing for weight strength of nodes changes from negligible negative correlation to positive correlation. These results help to reveal the effecting principles of the distance constraint of population travels on the structure of taxi passenger flow network.

By analyzing floating taxi trajectory data, and using complex network theories, the complex structural (including topological structural, weight structural and spatial structural) properties of urban taxi passenger flow network is researched. The results indicate that the distances of taxi passenger flow obey a log-normal distribution. Distributions of degree, weight strength and distance strength of nodes indicate power-law decay with a “cut-off”. Weight distribution of edges also fits a power-law distribution quite well. There are strong power-law correlations between degree and both weight strength and distance strength. The assortative mixing of weight strength of nodes shows a slight positive correlation. These results indicate the relationships of topological, weight and spatial structural properties of taxi passenger flow network, and will be beneficial for revealing the interplaying mechanism and principles among urban spatial, functional and population travel characteristics.

Distance decay issue of spatial interactions in geography was described and analyzed, and a number of approaches were summarized to solve the gravity model. Firstly, many spatial interactions are governed by the distance decay effect, and the distance decay function quantitatively represents the distance effect. Among kinds of distance decay functions such as power law, exponential and other equations, the power law function reveals the inherent distance impacts behind spatial interactions so that the interaction formula becomes the gravity model, which is widely used in geography and regional economics. Secondly, the authors summarize some methods to quantify the distance decay function according to an interaction matrix and a distance matrix. The simulation results show that fitting the gravity model to estimate nodal attractions as well as the distance decay parameter is an appropriate way to apply the model.

MODIS FAPAR products ranging from 2001 to 2010, which cover the whole basin of Heihe, were selected as the study objects. Combined with the land cover classification products in the same periods, MODIS FAPAR time series data of different species were decomposed into tendencies, cyclical fluctuations and residuals. Auto Regression models were then established for tendencies and cyclical fluctuations and Kalman filtering was used to remove the noises. At last, FAPAR time series with high quality were obtained. On this basis, the FAPAR variation differences of different vegetation types in upstream, midstream and downstream of Heihe Basin are analyzed. A region with different phase change characteristics was chosen to predict FAPAR value of each pixel at some point. Results show that FAPARs of different species own obvious seasonal variations. Because of different climates in different basins, FAPARs of same species also have slight differences. In addition, the proposed method can be used for different vegetation types and prediction results are quite similar to MODIS FAPAR values, with an error of about 3%.

Combining the quantitative inversion of remotely sensed data and GIS 3-D analysis techniques, a new model for calculating and assessing building-scale solar energy potential is built up. Specifically, the planar projection method is applied to determine the position and range of the building shadows, implementing real-time shadow simulation. The relative coordinate system and “inclusion-exclusion principle” are used to calculate the non-shadow areas of the building. The FY-2D and FY-3A satellite data are used to derive the direct normal irradiance in a regional scale, and the solar radiant power received by the roofs and facets of a specific building is then estimated using the proposed model. The solar radiation energy is summed up and the triangulated irregular network method is used to visualize the spatial distribution of the calculated energy data. A building community in Urumqi City, Xinjiang is selected as the study area to test the proposed model. The result shows that the proposed model can provide an effective and valuable tool for solar energy estimation and energy-wise planning on a building scale.